Do inner super-Earths and outer cold Jupiters tend to occur together?
In plain words
Whether stars with close-in super-Earths are more or less likely to also have a Jupiter-like planet far out tells whether giant planets help or block the formation of inner small planets. Different surveys disagree.
Precise statement
Measure $P(\mathrm{CJ}\mid \mathrm{SE})$, the occurrence of cold Jupiters ($M\,\mathrm{sin}\,i \sim 0.3-13\ M_{\mathrm{Jup}}, a \sim 1-10\ \mathrm{AU}$) around hosts of inner super-Earths ($R = 1-4\,R_{\mathrm{earth}}, P < 100\,\mathrm{d}$), versus the field rate of about 10 percent. Zhu and Wu 2018 and Bryan et al. 2019 ($39 \pm 7\%$) report an excess of about three times, while Bonomo et al. 2023 (A&A 677, A33) find $9.3(+7.7,-2.9)\%$ and no excess. The answer is $P(\mathrm{CJ}\mid \mathrm{SE})$ with metallicity dependence and uncertainty sufficient to decide the excess.
What would settle it
Long-baseline radial-velocity follow-up of a large, homogeneously selected sample of super-Earth hosts with metallicities matched to a control sample.
Status in the literature
Bonomo et al. 2023 found no excess, contradicting the 2018-2019 results; the difference may reflect sample metallicity or selection.
Results
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