{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"af6b83b7fc972099be9a16fff42b1c2e5b6b7d292716fc119b2b686adad8c3c8","created":"2026-10-15T23:43:22Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["483b027cad46309772c129b970ba56a9602a6857883e6d1100f1d5ba933352c7","ce59fb6cd812fc05906d0c60a71c75ea22bc686bcf38e7c3ef7010834d98ee7b"],"salt":"330e1b06771d43bd94446d4d5144da2066293a7dfcc708c4a805635c25e4a851","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"value","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"astro.solar-interior-cycle.abundance-problem","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"contested","n":"2","parents":[],"plain":"Measurements of the Sun's surface composition give less carbon, oxygen and other heavy elements than the Sun's internal sound waves imply.","posed_since":"2005","precise":"Standard solar models using 3D non-LTE photospheric abundances (Asplund et al. 2009 and 2021, $Z/X \\sim 0.018$) disagree with the helioseismic sound speed below the convection zone (deviations $\\sim 1\\%$), the convection-zone base $R_{\\mathrm{cz}} = 0.713\\,R_{\\mathrm{sun}}$ and surface helium $Y_{s} \\sim 0.248$, while higher-metallicity analyses (Magg et al. 2022, $Z/X = 0.0225$) restore much of the agreement. Determine the correct metal content and whether opacity revisions near $T \\sim 2 \\times 10^{6}\\,\\mathrm{K}$ or other physics are needed. Answer: $Z/X$ with uncertainty consistent with helioseismology and the CNO solar neutrino flux.","problem_ref":"483b027cad46309772c129b970ba56a9602a6857883e6d1100f1d5ba933352c7","references":"","settled_by":"A precise CNO neutrino flux measurement (fixing core C+N) together with laboratory opacity measurements at solar interior conditions.","status_note":"Borexino CNO neutrino fluxes (2020-2022) mildly favor the higher-metallicity composition; helioseismic opacity inversions suggest opacities above current tables near the convection-zone base.","title":"Resolve the conflict between solar abundances and helioseismology","topic_ref":null},"content_withheld":"false","files":[],"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"02a856e0390be68acb6d5c97663e4d5b8e6259c099df4a6dd45e6413ddc25290","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"id_token":null,"id_token_withheld":"false","envelope":{"attested_hash":"289dcb4e3128862ec0e766218015240235c2a8aa940d3cd0769a3a623dd1b518","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"yxUDrlCHnHW_p-vD5miTY3sQjPv-QjTzhfPdt2jTK7HBDGzqH9CX1_UtGgAgI5jJjDRn98NOB9T7VzaW6teNCQ"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"ots":{"attested":["AE9wZW5UaW1lc3RhbXBzAABQcm9vZgC_ieLohOiSlAEIKJ3LTjEohi7A52YhgBUkAjXCqKqUDTzQdpo6Yj3RtRjxICiZAJfTF2aTSzcvAkxfZ3smuqhG3MH8NKAmW3HFQiV3CPEgkQruOUZyGBELUgHIm7j8WwRnz0YyJN4fJG0YMia0jcgI8CBfJkFivOkjO5GNaIsYyTdwKefrvcgN1RYCSPt7Y9GW8QjwIB-MD1VXcsHHJed2DrgAG50QBpnzk7VeUpzY5Yw6vvrxCPAgfcwlbwxNkr2Xa-bmEnkyiev0EXhJV7n57I8WviuD2NcI8SAhemgBY9Pz3ml3PxcNpUG8xy58-Rtp_NyPRd_h_bSgeAjwIFL42owBJVURGnb4sFPQtSoKAW3ToV9h6LojAsi6KdcQCPAg_wIiPkLJd3-DTpBID5KVkTGoJ2F0twCyomKLdpQPO3UI8CDsCcIzBovmyR1v7IXhYg1Z7m0X4dWZvLS_NU94HSk3sQjxIJdQdDsL3v2lA7qZb8kMJtOgaTQmbgchdPcS5lYJqDLnCPAgkPXX-naXR0fRIdS-sEDlzYmtMvSCNH42ESUF0QXb6NUI8CDQo_sIWZiWXaTGRSQBLmU-lHJKskYKqsjO1r02DhB8LAj_8Ajn9YmozHwo9QjwEJ46aM9ZDv3TdtqV3ZbRsNgI8SBOF8pILGf1kodr5MKmQs6Cd93joraGn3g6UPt_-kewPwjwIOG-gmM7bd_eR4AiDMNfluS3xvr7vicLR-sCBr5qtG2cCPAgrVNFrCoeQcCxhlmnE0BzHgR8HQpZAlfqzDDFzfWb8GUI8QRq0WWT8AjZJ2cF_c7k8ACD3-MNLvkMjiwraHR0cHM6Ly9ib2IuYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLm9wZW50aW1lc3RhbXBzLm9yZ_AI9ZMS1zxd7IEI8BDd00WgJZ0RncsC1Fyai_4aCPEgvxMFrnu7F05IW5INiraQ3OVEYMjNx6JfBxw1Q4jPLi4I8QRq0WWS8Ag2zxPAtI5JsP8Ag9_jDS75DI4uLWh0dHBzOi8vYWxpY2UuYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLm9wZW50aW1lc3RhbXBzLm9yZwjxIHAnv4KFFf4uiYEFJvLxiMxSyz8VowJP4roTfDD9h7bICPAgj5tgvbNF7mxSP4jGGE66ezUFRLnI4g1VTkvuV4VtCPAI8CCxlc1HuKORuHgn7DYIYcDhc4oo99OkTWBEvddBypoa7AjwIFcjjaF8kDNDYCZGaNISlRjvX-I7in-QNwsr4JYQbFJvCPAgnl0k4gs7LuY5i1umiHO-J7My3uBThLJUWQoY9LdVSrQI8SA6-Ft11_K_GqMNWYhkVsVqCFvXSYbp4S8JoLsLBnUzvgjxIBC8_mAE7JBP35SNxDBcG7joLJwURpMxdV2vSO64_jEOCPEge04Coj1xSi7CE8UwqiBGNhPyZ5QdD_YZwn-heSdObU4I8SBgdDSgr3VUx1j8m_pK7-OzMwwFgXeLy43ujffCv-hf5AjwIMl-PnAt4xjoBEVU4-nkyN0NKRa9AvX4kEMfllFyIJS9CPFZAQAAAAHz4rV-uwQFg02bVnEMUFgpIdGKjM4tWuID1kTVnrjisAAAAAAA_v___wJURAIAAAAAABYAFBFys2oc0-U-bYrC3VulGLzND5fbAAAAAAAAAAAiaiDwBHLTDgAICPEgMJIBYi46xOIuFDwzJ9nOx14ngW5HbglUf65ORpkoIYcICPAgHgGWEGCDHWgscwT92NOoJ7s-ezbPkyiWr2RnYZDC_dwICPAgtffMyyLu-MscJsDc0dzwGspwSrrmvVAnMNgsgWhHClgICPAgMUl1OfBDUwhp5VZjHwVA0nuz1F5HZTUJCHAnM1L1F3MICPAgStK7UWpnrUueV5EaE7uE0y6BLMp6EANmrbhrTqEBZu8ICPAg5LVW7IHtUL5mNOvPx1hOTfLMmqlQ7t9EFW-KDtrISIQICPAgABgXZ6upFU8qiDQKFtQFpqkjKwl0PsxM4JUjVLlDKbkICPAgEwb96FiOhjlbwI8GFZQ4a5GXwxs4bUdqVOMKrtBWV30ICPEgqBg-wp0c8CAPV9k6J7wIa9_GtQfpWmhpE1zqFZyi2pQICPAg2pZLTVPGJbriiz0UhMytYDVYAXOgQnWDcrMOewK9O8cICPEgxm3QwzbvT4siJzubQGnST67bWv-exYwSPP1KDi7CaUwICPEgm6udUudfjUaM0gUFTylKGDMypj7ptMTG0zmxd_T5yTcICPAgMpOInkjFCVp1pOZhfZnyPAl8hdWGmHzQcrGLgLwSKLgICAAFiJYNc9cZAQPzpjs"],"envelope":["AE9wZW5UaW1lc3RhbXBzAABQcm9vZgC_ieLohOiSlAEIju_UXHamkmJmeBcKMKIdGFQQLxWVohwBsKuOT7QXX9TwII7-1zhOpvdYJo7ZbtRuiKxIlTY4CZGn9IYFF_H-ObAvCPAg0xLxWjjHuGn8-UT-5lSxxgEY3Fnxe-V2tXgW8EcIhbUI8SAKrMuK1zrv41m3GPlzwV_EInDvXjTsJJ3-CSBPk0JThAjwIPYo58hLGcu_MuMlGRYw-YwLIBJJkqF6uEtjKwgzn-kCCPAgr8EowjsGR8A8NrT24fX5ZC6N-ISmR9hSg4qg3gE2aqEI8CAyLNPQHlwXsO8Zbzwm_lQDxUkLVt3wZoyYThjwMWonSAjwIC_Gba7HRql5FYyT9X5PObagnwcrViXVIuGyziSpunbtCPEgk0jawVpf5QClliidHPo8W5ZfByRzF4yUE2LGRzo296cI8SA2AWlsr6OtzkJEYtRd4vkA1WvJDOR5VTRovvQJKclq5QjxICknnLxa8xs8qmAdhtb0NnANbtwYyrlRTgqcMVLLl8ogCPEgHd9u6OIGCvUV12A1B1xdiOprSJ-4w0cqwfe7CzVX5HsI8CDQo_sIWZiWXaTGRSQBLmU-lHJKskYKqsjO1r02DhB8LAj_8Ajn9YmozHwo9QjwEJ46aM9ZDv3TdtqV3ZbRsNgI8SBOF8pILGf1kodr5MKmQs6Cd93joraGn3g6UPt_-kewPwjwIOG-gmM7bd_eR4AiDMNfluS3xvr7vicLR-sCBr5qtG2cCPAgrVNFrCoeQcCxhlmnE0BzHgR8HQpZAlfqzDDFzfWb8GUI8QRq0WWT8AjZJ2cF_c7k8ACD3-MNLvkMjiwraHR0cHM6Ly9ib2IuYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLm9wZW50aW1lc3RhbXBzLm9yZ_AI9ZMS1zxd7IEI8BDd00WgJZ0RncsC1Fyai_4aCPEgvxMFrnu7F05IW5INiraQ3OVEYMjNx6JfBxw1Q4jPLi4I8QRq0WWS8Ag2zxPAtI5JsP8Ag9_jDS75DI4uLWh0dHBzOi8vYWxpY2UuYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLm9wZW50aW1lc3RhbXBzLm9yZwjxIHAnv4KFFf4uiYEFJvLxiMxSyz8VowJP4roTfDD9h7bICPAgj5tgvbNF7mxSP4jGGE66ezUFRLnI4g1VTkvuV4VtCPAI8CCxlc1HuKORuHgn7DYIYcDhc4oo99OkTWBEvddBypoa7AjwIFcjjaF8kDNDYCZGaNISlRjvX-I7in-QNwsr4JYQbFJvCPAgnl0k4gs7LuY5i1umiHO-J7My3uBThLJUWQoY9LdVSrQI8SA6-Ft11_K_GqMNWYhkVsVqCFvXSYbp4S8JoLsLBnUzvgjxIBC8_mAE7JBP35SNxDBcG7joLJwURpMxdV2vSO64_jEOCPEge04Coj1xSi7CE8UwqiBGNhPyZ5QdD_YZwn-heSdObU4I8SBgdDSgr3VUx1j8m_pK7-OzMwwFgXeLy43ujffCv-hf5AjwIMl-PnAt4xjoBEVU4-nkyN0NKRa9AvX4kEMfllFyIJS9CPFZAQAAAAHz4rV-uwQFg02bVnEMUFgpIdGKjM4tWuID1kTVnrjisAAAAAAA_v___wJURAIAAAAAABYAFBFys2oc0-U-bYrC3VulGLzND5fbAAAAAAAAAAAiaiDwBHLTDgAICPEgMJIBYi46xOIuFDwzJ9nOx14ngW5HbglUf65ORpkoIYcICPAgHgGWEGCDHWgscwT92NOoJ7s-ezbPkyiWr2RnYZDC_dwICPAgtffMyyLu-MscJsDc0dzwGspwSrrmvVAnMNgsgWhHClgICPAgMUl1OfBDUwhp5VZjHwVA0nuz1F5HZTUJCHAnM1L1F3MICPAgStK7UWpnrUueV5EaE7uE0y6BLMp6EANmrbhrTqEBZu8ICPAg5LVW7IHtUL5mNOvPx1hOTfLMmqlQ7t9EFW-KDtrISIQICPAgABgXZ6upFU8qiDQKFtQFpqkjKwl0PsxM4JUjVLlDKbkICPAgEwb96FiOhjlbwI8GFZQ4a5GXwxs4bUdqVOMKrtBWV30ICPEgqBg-wp0c8CAPV9k6J7wIa9_GtQfpWmhpE1zqFZyi2pQICPAg2pZLTVPGJbriiz0UhMytYDVYAXOgQnWDcrMOewK9O8cICPEgxm3QwzbvT4siJzubQGnST67bWv-exYwSPP1KDi7CaUwICPEgm6udUudfjUaM0gUFTylKGDMypj7ptMTG0zmxd_T5yTcICPAgMpOInkjFCVp1pOZhfZnyPAl8hdWGmHzQcrGLgLwSKLgICAAFiJYNc9cZAQPzpjs"]},"log":{"leaf_index":"2432","tree_size":"3804","proof":["520412b038eba9272fe3d4868895a8ca2ea8dc000b6c247cc8c2434193936ee0","ba9976d51fd343648347ddf2446427ac2b7180dbfaad1bf28495850b2f3b1293","f1da867b5179b4642dd1e900137121798569e0160b1be50492566cdbd0ed1a36","dfad629ada166c7636556c9291535ef1f5676346864d568cc7d66b742bd73715","136a0af7ba54fe7f30585b8c01bc67e53e8717eb93af5d6c66b5a751d8635f82","57b4bbec21ed6ddf9793adc75cb5102fdb2219eec399fd9bf943536a81dd3bad","ee9896b363c1f877f7d4613cda248fa64d56c7d8dd814ac0aef5244e9bfb1f00","193f7e120934503cd45d11622182f80d8b1635765c3becdc1c2cab15bb00bcc2","ad2bf8922b230304eb5887f66a1631d0d013048aef3d1e5c2bce55da65e76cef","453fe2db8b5276d732edac85634e8be036b4709a91a2584f32a4b9edcc8ca9de","325287f5a43e4f3ad4072ec4bd53d43c50c1393021a056122e9cb0fad83b868f","3c578dccc15502c5f3efe228cadc99fee76ab536ed01f66b14d316fdcc157429"],"checkpoint":"pubphys.com/log/v1\n3804\nAK6t4qgu96+M9wScTrIlsJ10d/zhKVEtYguyM3aeJvo=\n\n— pubphys.com/log/v1 JFPwIPP8EtoxgcsQg7V7CwIdL4UKPqJtpv+eB8sFNJjyQHIdyA1VabmBsPyLqq2bLxJPn57rA6fQi8y0QDDjRXHvlQg=\n","promise":"pubphys.com/log/v1 promise\nd2d1a090b1081870dcb65cbdceb8f6db644c8b30d900c739c292c834a14c4111\n2432\n2026-10-15T23:43:57Z\n2026-10-16T01:43:57Z\n\n— pubphys.com/log/v1 JFPwIDMm64QrJx/H2JraeJBPJrs+xOGKR8GEig6h23LIr345Jds6tjQWyznwII0COq7La7Y/IMN46rQUQLVrKW/xIQs=\n"},"orcid_key_evidence":[],"attesting":null}