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Whether it happens in people at clinically useful doses has not been measured.","posed_since":"2019","precise":"Determine whether single-fraction doses of 800 to 3000 rad delivered at mean dose rates above 4000 rad/s produce measurably lower normal-tissue toxicity in humans than the same dose at conventional dose rates of 1 to 10 rad/s, at matched tumour control, for at least one tissue and endpoint. An answer is yes or no with an estimated dose-modifying factor and confidence interval.","problem_ref":"61a45b6778062f41d6ad2f72489390ac1c464456ee2c80329da43c641e179d8b","references":"","settled_by":"A randomized clinical comparison of FLASH and conventional dose rate at equal dose with a prespecified normal-tissue endpoint.","status_note":"The FAST-01 trial (Mascia et al., JAMA Oncology 2023) showed feasibility of proton FLASH at 800 rad in 10 patients with bone metastases, with no conventional-dose-rate comparison arm; no randomized toxicity comparison was found in the sources checked.","title":"Does the FLASH sparing effect occur in human normal 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