{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"2ff7802e9ba80cb513704d274c739f2fa4f8e4012c3039ddb53373bb101b3630","created":"2026-10-15T23:43:22Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":["ai:gpt-5.5"],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["b3b9d232f12512765ad22458c5f17e9669bc02600931f4b0dde291adaae37f0e","ce59fb6cd812fc05906d0c60a71c75ea22bc686bcf38e7c3ef7010834d98ee7b"],"salt":"664b77af0f9128d4aeac6289074351a705bd9208264a62fd6460dfc49fe7b57d","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"classification","assisted_by":["ai:gpt-5.5"],"external_id":"astro.protoplanetary-disks.dust-rings","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"partially-resolved","n":"2","parents":[],"plain":"Images of young disks show bright rings and dark gaps. Hidden young planets could carve them, but other processes can make rings too.","posed_since":"","precise":"ALMA images show axisymmetric dust rings and gaps at $10\\text{-}100\\,\\mathrm{AU}$ in $\\sim 1\\,\\mathrm{Myr}$ disks. Determine for the population whether gaps are opened by embedded planets of $\\sim 0.1-1\\ \\text{Jupiter masses}$ or by non-planetary processes (condensation fronts, magnetohydrodynamic zonal flows, secular gravitational instability). The answer is the fraction of gaps with a planetary origin.","problem_ref":"b3b9d232f12512765ad22458c5f17e9669bc02600931f4b0dde291adaae37f0e","references":"","settled_by":"Direct imaging or gas-kinematic detection of planets inside gaps for a representative disk sample, with upper limits for the rest.","status_note":"Planets were imaged inside disk gaps in PDS 70 (2018-2019) and WISPIT 2 (WISPIT 2b in 2025, a second planet WISPIT 2c confirmed in 2026); for most ringed disks no planet has been detected.","title":"Are the rings in protoplanetary disks carved by planets?","topic_ref":null},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"3c27f928261bb91784430c950ef726fd0099b18f7c99bec49acb21066e4b258b","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"24af483832f71d2c0b66a7de0889890239a8b8a213f2fc09630dd69ccc109e8e","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"Elf_Ttb6m6nzWhNtgMTGtTQv4UwWugrthdHjCc4gwOu-mjorVMRfpjE6K-4VyIfqy6aWIo3gi7c6t9Ook1sCCg"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"3c27f928261bb91784430c950ef726fd0099b18f7c99bec49acb21066e4b258b","leaf_index":2396}