{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"a3436528abcb598f10347c0bdcb2c3b3047f5f8aa2aa24a4300653509137697e","created":"2026-10-15T23:43:22Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":["ai:gpt-5.5"],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["ce59fb6cd812fc05906d0c60a71c75ea22bc686bcf38e7c3ef7010834d98ee7b","fef4b252886f2fd09b6d46dca09e2f1f43fa0eaa2cdfcd65899cdc611dde6eb9"],"salt":"06bb07288ee7e582202c722b7b129b90604c693bafec7899e104f2b54a5d0627","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"yes-no","assisted_by":["ai:gpt-5.5"],"external_id":"astro.first-smbh.overmassive-black-holes","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"contested","n":"2","parents":[],"plain":"In nearby galaxies a central black hole weighs about a thousandth of the galaxy's stars, but standard estimates for early JWST black holes give ten to a hundred times more. These estimates may be wrong if dense gas widens the spectral lines used to weigh them.","posed_since":"2023","precise":"For broad-line AGN at $z > 4$, including little red dots, determine whether $M_{\\mathrm{BH}}/M_{*}$ exceeds the local value $\\sim 10^{-3}$ by factors 10-100 as single-epoch virial estimates ($M_{\\mathrm{BH}}$ from FWHM of $\\mathrm{H}-\\alpha$ or $\\mathrm{H}-\\beta$ and luminosity) imply, or whether electron scattering and radiative transfer in dense gas broaden the lines and inflate $M_{\\mathrm{BH}}$. The answer is a calibrated $M_{\\mathrm{BH}}-M_{*}$ relation at $z > 4$ with $M_{\\mathrm{BH}}$ measured independently of the virial line-width method.","problem_ref":"fef4b252886f2fd09b6d46dca09e2f1f43fa0eaa2cdfcd65899cdc611dde6eb9","references":"","settled_by":"Spatially resolved stellar or gas dynamics (JWST, ALMA, ELT-class telescopes) or reverberation mapping of $z > 4$ broad-line AGN, compared with virial estimates for the same objects.","status_note":"Rusakov et al. (Nature, 2026, arXiv:2503.16595) argued that electron scattering in dense ionized cocoons broadens the lines, giving $M_{\\mathrm{BH}} \\sim 10^{5}-10^{7} M_{\\mathrm{sun}}$, about 100 times below virial estimates; this is disputed.","title":"Are early black holes too massive for their host 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