{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"8babb51249a46820d82ff940b794cecc116d4951ca69730941165af8e6ef33c5","created":"2026-10-15T23:43:22Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["7634b50edcbbf83ae2f2e94062090f3ca3a29492f52eba44d36c9538b21bda62","ce59fb6cd812fc05906d0c60a71c75ea22bc686bcf38e7c3ef7010834d98ee7b"],"salt":"f8602df51970a05c547a7a6e53d4e85a7ed526c6abbc9c1a6b43477972e3eea6","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"chem.liquid-water.anomalies-origin","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"contested","n":"2","parents":[],"plain":"As water is cooled below 0 C without freezing, its response functions grow as if heading toward a singularity. Several competing explanations exist and experiments have not yet chosen among them.","posed_since":"","precise":"Explain the growth of the isothermal compressibility $\\kappa_T$, the isobaric heat capacity $C_P$ and the magnitude of the thermal expansion coefficient $\\alpha_P$ in supercooled liquid water at ambient pressure down to about 230 K, distinguishing between the liquid-liquid critical point scenario, the singularity-free scenario, the critical-point-free scenario and the stability-limit conjecture. An answer is a thermodynamic model consistent with all measured response functions in the accessible range and with predictions that experiment can test.","problem_ref":"7634b50edcbbf83ae2f2e94062090f3ca3a29492f52eba44d36c9538b21bda62","references":"","settled_by":"Measurements of response functions inside the region of rapid crystallization (230 to 160 K) at pressures up to $3 \\times 10^{9}\\,\\mathrm{dyn}/\\mathrm{cm}^2$, compared with each scenario's predictions.","status_note":"","title":"Origin of the thermodynamic anomalies of supercooled water","topic_ref":null},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"4782ed219cee3f905ab39b0c46e5c58a3ffaecc5d57be7b653f3fdc4c6a67142","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"1b43997a4c6aad206bf1917ad42f7a2f68c87d0453d8a8aa515cc0642a613ddf","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"de45AiVMRR9U1fBy33PgKCeDLP7uHJChJpzE08ByyawZ4z1_ztLZ2_4lAfGW0_h6dr_YIQwDhpSPmG7IYDbCBw"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"4782ed219cee3f905ab39b0c46e5c58a3ffaecc5d57be7b653f3fdc4c6a67142","leaf_index":2668}