{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"b0adf6d20f675c207ee522fe1435debeeb4ea9f893bc23be1781d860644284ad","created":"2026-10-15T23:43:22Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["43fab9be74c232cf26b1bfc9f4763758b54afe74414bdf1a80b038b4b4c34be3","ce59fb6cd812fc05906d0c60a71c75ea22bc686bcf38e7c3ef7010834d98ee7b"],"salt":"84360e168a1ee1b9fa6792fe6de8c633c32144952e959ec29a38d64dac042fb9","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"classification","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"med.low-dose-risk.linearity","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"contested","n":"2","parents":[],"plain":"Protection rules assume that halving a small dose halves the risk, with no safe threshold. Direct evidence at such doses is thin and the assumption is contested.","posed_since":"1950","precise":"Determine the shape of the dose-response relation for solid-cancer incidence below 10 rad ($1\\,\\mathrm{rad}=100\\,\\mathrm{erg}/\\mathrm{g}$) of low-linear-energy-transfer radiation: linear without threshold, linear-quadratic, threshold, or non-monotonic. The answer must handle dose-measurement error, confounding and reverse causation at effect sizes of about 5 percent excess relative risk per 10 rad (ERR about 0.5 per 100 rad), falling to about 0.5 percent at 1 rad. An answer is a shape with confidence intervals excluding the alternatives.","problem_ref":"43fab9be74c232cf26b1bfc9f4763758b54afe74414bdf1a80b038b4b4c34be3","references":"","settled_by":"Pooled worker and medical cohorts with individual dosimetry of sufficient size and dose accuracy to separate linear from threshold models at the one-percent effect level.","status_note":"The INWORKS nuclear-worker analysis (Richardson et al., BMJ 2023) reported solid-cancer mortality ERR of 0.52 per 100 rad, with a larger slope below 10 rad, while threshold and hormesis advocates dispute the dosimetry and confounding control.","title":"Does risk stay linear below 10 rad?","topic_ref":null},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"57cea0cc2e14f8128cff1ee62261ba509e677bf65564a8bf364ff01f8ac438a1","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"5ef7c58ace32a1b1ec5309d9b6de5167a6f166fb85f0a48efec561e3c78cdba3","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"CG9FUbTAoBTfq-ZaB09R5XWi1jlaIKpEzMx1Youu3E1PM0tfuMvv4zn4p--wj-A6m3_Ot_nQFOBVsa1OZ9zJAg"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"57cea0cc2e14f8128cff1ee62261ba509e677bf65564a8bf364ff01f8ac438a1","leaf_index":3476}