{"record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"9f48c79a5871f2a9dfde93f6647c4de73a2f38193bcd076b8ea4c3fd70ef0845","created":"2026-10-15T23:43:22Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["9c76b053a9d5e69c5bcb32fa7125b9d22c666187bda1e2acf259411baa143f48","ce59fb6cd812fc05906d0c60a71c75ea22bc686bcf38e7c3ef7010834d98ee7b"],"salt":"df34d237d812601e20f3d38274c88414e41be2bc796b01d66bdf3797049eb9fa","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"bio.nucleation.two-step-pathway","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"open","n":"2","parents":[],"plain":"Some crystals, for example of proteins, appear to form first as dense liquid-like blobs that later order inside. When this two-step route beats direct crystal formation, and what rate it gives, is not known.","posed_since":"","precise":"For globular proteins such as lysozyme, colloids with short-range attraction and some small molecules, crystals are reported to nucleate within metastable dense-liquid droplets or amorphous precursors. Determine for which interaction ranges and supersaturations the two-step pathway dominates the rate, and derive a rate expression replacing CNT that predicts measured rates.","problem_ref":"9c76b053a9d5e69c5bcb32fa7125b9d22c666187bda1e2acf259411baa143f48","references":"","settled_by":"A rate theory for the two-step pathway whose predictions match rare-event simulations and measured nucleation rates in protein or colloid experiments.","status_note":"","title":"When does crystal nucleation proceed in two steps?","topic_ref":null},"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"60f99ecc86591af5404df006d3baf588206cf8f2955d7f0f02e2ebc046b88ff2","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"envelope":{"attested_hash":"63ccb9444193cf3590e386929dfec4a4d36722ad06f267a8eb3a66b8f803964e","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"NOaiyZy9Bdvnuwk9baqZdMF4fq-PM8Xrg3jiNgB869V-pQpJzVNV-Uq0hsZCGDW0cgSLfHUj2lW_A6FZs-sUBA"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"record_hash":"60f99ecc86591af5404df006d3baf588206cf8f2955d7f0f02e2ebc046b88ff2","leaf_index":2604}