{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"0d6eae0f8ce5a61928a5686dd2e39dd6975fd4c6dc8df0f8a17d7aed37945555","created":"2026-10-15T23:43:22Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["c0f8afbdf72527f2370417e164c325c8a04f8ddcb394ddb1d747d3395b6275b4","ce59fb6cd812fc05906d0c60a71c75ea22bc686bcf38e7c3ef7010834d98ee7b"],"salt":"c6623c97de026d3673fa91a35a1ba8a8ace9c7d97df4fd76c308d625545feaa0","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"yes-no","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"qft.swampland.weak-gravity","kind":"well-posed","literature_status":"partially-resolved","n":"2","parents":[],"plain":"The conjecture says gravity must be the weakest force: some particle must feel electric repulsion stronger than its gravitational attraction. Whether this is a law of all quantum gravity theories is unproven.","posed_since":"2006","precise":"Weak gravity conjecture (Arkani-Hamed, Motl, Nicolis, Vafa 2006): every U(1) gauge theory coupled to gravity has a state with charge-to-mass ratio at least that of extremal black holes. Determine whether this holds in every consistent quantum gravity theory, and whether the sublattice or tower versions hold.","problem_ref":"c0f8afbdf72527f2370417e164c325c8a04f8ddcb394ddb1d747d3395b6275b4","references":"","settled_by":"A derivation from general principles (black hole thermodynamics, unitarity, holography), or a consistent theory violating it.","status_note":"Shown in perturbative string settings and supported by black-hole arguments; the strongest lattice version fails in some compactifications (2016), leaving sublattice and tower versions.","title":"Does the weak gravity conjecture hold in all quantum gravity theories?","topic_ref":null},"content_withheld":"false","files":[],"attested":{"attestation":{"batch":null,"client_id":null,"id_token_sha256":null,"kind":"platform"},"record_hash":"8f3a6eae929e296f88df3ad315740c6ffe79c886364a4fd70d518c74a891f082","schema":"pubphys.attested/1"},"id_token":null,"id_token_withheld":"false","envelope":{"attested_hash":"ca613c22b70a669031d2586d3408be662c97b38f68ae3ab6dddd46af4823cd19","platform_signature":{"key_id":"c6afc19b31429869751f06879c75cd64ea92654423d15b44be775bf1310a60da","sig":"_s4rcHcyuyV_xYDygWB_Y-VHs0sP5kJ34SyNAFEnklRRMX3gZ1fOM-E5NEOxLWfVx0EurHzEdmj5kwr3ub8YDA"},"schema":"pubphys.envelope/1"},"ots":{"attested":["AE9wZW5UaW1lc3RhbXBzAABQcm9vZgC_ieLohOiSlAEIymE8IrcKZpAx0lhtNAi-ZiyXs49orjq23d1Gr0gjzRnwIMpuFTBVGwjZsbPeThS4NX-zUdcOjZGZUEuoH6qWutroCPAgPCwSUdsiwWwxJY9xUTt2dKWKu7NdT0H52DAbi1k-csUI8SAynb4O_yVOW_KX1BBVJ92qF9PMJ-BVIP7s8WiMvqBbNwjwII2jPqzMbX55mhyq4Pa8kZT4vySZLxSlx0MnDKV-WoXeCPAgadPxaSyNlMSqLkdET5_Afg7u0Y4G5yxqP1coZc06i90I8CC9OE2GQXy3zUKmG5A9p19HmwTBklR-SR0EeQkyzcdg_QjxIGsbE83vfeJtEv6e477mHNlhoURWN1ZCJY1sgjQbQr9DCPAg5eqR4CU5l8kO1rB2qJB7mTDxO5KdiNtAiUft-v_2wc8I8CCSqAf0sn_1-kk9EDPXEZvjRff_ciLViVfMVybjDX1OsQjxID89HsXrUag9eRv04qSQX18D2ak5pxDN4H8m3_0Qkp84CPAg3mczMYDKOd7Nhf3ojA9ZvuTsN66Y1NnyYTp9j8GKQNwI8SCvAiiN-Hrv7IEejd8wdUihoozu5KOvpoBFJ0vg3UnGAQj_8Ajn9YmozHwo9QjwEJ46aM9ZDv3TdtqV3ZbRsNgI8SBOF8pILGf1kodr5MKmQs6Cd93joraGn3g6UPt_-kewPwjwIOG-gmM7bd_eR4AiDMNfluS3xvr7vicLR-sCBr5qtG2cCPAgrVNFrCoeQcCxhlmnE0BzHgR8HQpZAlfqzDDFzfWb8GUI8QRq0WWT8AjZJ2cF_c7k8ACD3-MNLvkMjiwraHR0cHM6Ly9ib2IuYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLm9wZW50aW1lc3RhbXBzLm9yZ_AI9ZMS1zxd7IEI8BDd00WgJZ0RncsC1Fyai_4aCPEgvxMFrnu7F05IW5INiraQ3OVEYMjNx6JfBxw1Q4jPLi4I8QRq0WWS8Ag2zxPAtI5JsP8Ag9_jDS75DI4uLWh0dHBzOi8vYWxpY2UuYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLm9wZW50aW1lc3RhbXBzLm9yZwjxIHAnv4KFFf4uiYEFJvLxiMxSyz8VowJP4roTfDD9h7bICPAgj5tgvbNF7mxSP4jGGE66ezUFRLnI4g1VTkvuV4VtCPAI8CCxlc1HuKORuHgn7DYIYcDhc4oo99OkTWBEvddBypoa7AjwIFcjjaF8kDNDYCZGaNISlRjvX-I7in-QNwsr4JYQbFJvCPAgnl0k4gs7LuY5i1umiHO-J7My3uBThLJUWQoY9LdVSrQI8SA6-Ft11_K_GqMNWYhkVsVqCFvXSYbp4S8JoLsLBnUzvgjxIBC8_mAE7JBP35SNxDBcG7joLJwURpMxdV2vSO64_jEOCPEge04Coj1xSi7CE8UwqiBGNhPyZ5QdD_YZwn-heSdObU4I8SBgdDSgr3VUx1j8m_pK7-OzMwwFgXeLy43ujffCv-hf5AjwIMl-PnAt4xjoBEVU4-nkyN0NKRa9AvX4kEMfllFyIJS9CPFZAQAAAAHz4rV-uwQFg02bVnEMUFgpIdGKjM4tWuID1kTVnrjisAAAAAAA_v___wJURAIAAAAAABYAFBFys2oc0-U-bYrC3VulGLzND5fbAAAAAAAAAAAiaiDwBHLTDgAICPEgMJIBYi46xOIuFDwzJ9nOx14ngW5HbglUf65ORpkoIYcICPAgHgGWEGCDHWgscwT92NOoJ7s-ezbPkyiWr2RnYZDC_dwICPAgtffMyyLu-MscJsDc0dzwGspwSrrmvVAnMNgsgWhHClgICPAgMUl1OfBDUwhp5VZjHwVA0nuz1F5HZTUJCHAnM1L1F3MICPAgStK7UWpnrUueV5EaE7uE0y6BLMp6EANmrbhrTqEBZu8ICPAg5LVW7IHtUL5mNOvPx1hOTfLMmqlQ7t9EFW-KDtrISIQICPAgABgXZ6upFU8qiDQKFtQFpqkjKwl0PsxM4JUjVLlDKbkICPAgEwb96FiOhjlbwI8GFZQ4a5GXwxs4bUdqVOMKrtBWV30ICPEgqBg-wp0c8CAPV9k6J7wIa9_GtQfpWmhpE1zqFZyi2pQICPAg2pZLTVPGJbriiz0UhMytYDVYAXOgQnWDcrMOewK9O8cICPEgxm3QwzbvT4siJzubQGnST67bWv-exYwSPP1KDi7CaUwICPEgm6udUudfjUaM0gUFTylKGDMypj7ptMTG0zmxd_T5yTcICPAgMpOInkjFCVp1pOZhfZnyPAl8hdWGmHzQcrGLgLwSKLgICAAFiJYNc9cZAQPzpjs"],"envelope":["AE9wZW5UaW1lc3RhbXBzAABQcm9vZgC_ieLohOiSlAEIbK3i5FNRZ9XoVj5LokLw5GWSg8VIDlrJnECC16XuKi3wIGzFoptWSKP_ucFyND0Z5gzlv-ixWn34oiZkWLkF8r_eCPAgCVg27H0lgpTq9692KPey5lpQQHF3W4HLaZmiPOzHjlII8SAVXa7gWF-kq-ZAArYvnXmO1SzhBvMATo65jNApXi4yZwjwIPV4Ig_oXk-yU2B78XFBUxgLmUo_nGb9MpmZUZv3TxQGCPAgUmBzncrixG7TDnwHURz5xiwPIz2OdAbrkUa9jXf9DaEI8SD_5zFJHCmnJMVG3y8g48CODsGJwzCSeSjMybN-JiGepwjwICRMULf4Qk7B4Ixs-w5_AnqKLFYrm25Y_JDm1-0Q4j1tCPEgV483a5w_VdTK7my82rqJCPIXOvGhZNeRkwqfWifoP4MI8SBcP9hQb3hxUiLf8dFx-DuqZHA2xkmG-c_qCFt8QfQHCAjwIOv_x0B6HyZ6WMHKeIf_d_EUIvwPGdZeVY-hXN3RLDM5CPEgHd9u6OIGCvUV12A1B1xdiOprSJ-4w0cqwfe7CzVX5HsI8CDQo_sIWZiWXaTGRSQBLmU-lHJKskYKqsjO1r02DhB8LAj_8Ajn9YmozHwo9QjwEJ46aM9ZDv3TdtqV3ZbRsNgI8SBOF8pILGf1kodr5MKmQs6Cd93joraGn3g6UPt_-kewPwjwIOG-gmM7bd_eR4AiDMNfluS3xvr7vicLR-sCBr5qtG2cCPAgrVNFrCoeQcCxhlmnE0BzHgR8HQpZAlfqzDDFzfWb8GUI8QRq0WWT8AjZJ2cF_c7k8ACD3-MNLvkMjiwraHR0cHM6Ly9ib2IuYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLm9wZW50aW1lc3RhbXBzLm9yZ_AI9ZMS1zxd7IEI8BDd00WgJZ0RncsC1Fyai_4aCPEgvxMFrnu7F05IW5INiraQ3OVEYMjNx6JfBxw1Q4jPLi4I8QRq0WWS8Ag2zxPAtI5JsP8Ag9_jDS75DI4uLWh0dHBzOi8vYWxpY2UuYnRjLmNhbGVuZGFyLm9wZW50aW1lc3RhbXBzLm9yZwjxIHAnv4KFFf4uiYEFJvLxiMxSyz8VowJP4roTfDD9h7bICPAgj5tgvbNF7mxSP4jGGE66ezUFRLnI4g1VTkvuV4VtCPAI8CCxlc1HuKORuHgn7DYIYcDhc4oo99OkTWBEvddBypoa7AjwIFcjjaF8kDNDYCZGaNISlRjvX-I7in-QNwsr4JYQbFJvCPAgnl0k4gs7LuY5i1umiHO-J7My3uBThLJUWQoY9LdVSrQI8SA6-Ft11_K_GqMNWYhkVsVqCFvXSYbp4S8JoLsLBnUzvgjxIBC8_mAE7JBP35SNxDBcG7joLJwURpMxdV2vSO64_jEOCPEge04Coj1xSi7CE8UwqiBGNhPyZ5QdD_YZwn-heSdObU4I8SBgdDSgr3VUx1j8m_pK7-OzMwwFgXeLy43ujffCv-hf5AjwIMl-PnAt4xjoBEVU4-nkyN0NKRa9AvX4kEMfllFyIJS9CPFZAQAAAAHz4rV-uwQFg02bVnEMUFgpIdGKjM4tWuID1kTVnrjisAAAAAAA_v___wJURAIAAAAAABYAFBFys2oc0-U-bYrC3VulGLzND5fbAAAAAAAAAAAiaiDwBHLTDgAICPEgMJIBYi46xOIuFDwzJ9nOx14ngW5HbglUf65ORpkoIYcICPAgHgGWEGCDHWgscwT92NOoJ7s-ezbPkyiWr2RnYZDC_dwICPAgtffMyyLu-MscJsDc0dzwGspwSrrmvVAnMNgsgWhHClgICPAgMUl1OfBDUwhp5VZjHwVA0nuz1F5HZTUJCHAnM1L1F3MICPAgStK7UWpnrUueV5EaE7uE0y6BLMp6EANmrbhrTqEBZu8ICPAg5LVW7IHtUL5mNOvPx1hOTfLMmqlQ7t9EFW-KDtrISIQICPAgABgXZ6upFU8qiDQKFtQFpqkjKwl0PsxM4JUjVLlDKbkICPAgEwb96FiOhjlbwI8GFZQ4a5GXwxs4bUdqVOMKrtBWV30ICPEgqBg-wp0c8CAPV9k6J7wIa9_GtQfpWmhpE1zqFZyi2pQICPAg2pZLTVPGJbriiz0UhMytYDVYAXOgQnWDcrMOewK9O8cICPEgxm3QwzbvT4siJzubQGnST67bWv-exYwSPP1KDi7CaUwICPEgm6udUudfjUaM0gUFTylKGDMypj7ptMTG0zmxd_T5yTcICPAgMpOInkjFCVp1pOZhfZnyPAl8hdWGmHzQcrGLgLwSKLgICAAFiJYNc9cZAQPzpjs"]},"log":{"leaf_index":"3692","tree_size":"3804","proof":["6196b6a1485e0bba9da823f90e84d4280a21f161b6be8ec3c79fb2f9229d5557","5008a8e60985d28b568de1bf4b2a594947ff52b6b6248b20a0b9253556e98b4f","316097c18c8eb6411bfddf070600660523cba8eac5524ca8590a0916ecc2c94c","0591ff29f74b29101aa614f429bbb48601f1a8c2b40bb9d3d2c278e743b5fae7","93f42879f6a29ddf7710bf2c4172f9c2427c4107095b29943b7b6e1ca5115bb6","cd09486139c2d9d35fc101759c032d39b39abf20d007d4b39e9ca4e938215f04","f50866df3e981d10bae13538ff88662a6960f06eee522c24d97d985a8d62cfb4","7e66314356025dfb23c19ffcc67687562cd0a92ea70016b1a2cc4b92f84380b0","e55158332fc5066d8199fad50d3929c561e805c1a4826619f59cd2254d322eb8","af34d80d0065c0ab502282775e865492e2cb49c9493f4594d63ba5577922854a","3c578dccc15502c5f3efe228cadc99fee76ab536ed01f66b14d316fdcc157429"],"checkpoint":"pubphys.com/log/v1\n3804\nAK6t4qgu96+M9wScTrIlsJ10d/zhKVEtYguyM3aeJvo=\n\n— pubphys.com/log/v1 JFPwIPP8EtoxgcsQg7V7CwIdL4UKPqJtpv+eB8sFNJjyQHIdyA1VabmBsPyLqq2bLxJPn57rA6fQi8y0QDDjRXHvlQg=\n","promise":"pubphys.com/log/v1 promise\nfc251177ccb409eea7e20d605621d4dc23d6b45e46132be4407bee51958e679f\n3692\n2026-10-15T23:43:57Z\n2026-10-16T01:43:57Z\n\n— pubphys.com/log/v1 JFPwIL8qGG/wMMrlignPKAlWwuyfuDTxp1Sz81Ehzand64N+vNWijr8JPR3gEMUUibpnk3cNxpYU2gbl8rie4k4OGAE=\n"},"orcid_key_evidence":[],"attesting":null}