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Proposed explanations range from field effects on the insulating gap to new particles that carry no charge.","posed_since":"2015","precise":"Candidates are Landau quantization of hybridized bands with a small inverted gap, which gives magnetization oscillations at the frequency of the unhybridized Fermi surface (Knolle and Cooper 2015); emergent neutral fermions with a Fermi surface (spinons, composite excitons, Majorana Fermi sea); and in-gap impurity bands or metallic inclusions. An answer predicts the frequency, the amplitude temperature dependence including deviations from Lifshitz-Kosevich form, and which quantities oscillate (magnetization, resistivity, heat capacity, thermopower) in $\\mathrm{SmB_6}$, $\\mathrm{YbB_{12}}$ and monolayer $\\mathrm{WTe_2}$.","problem_ref":"8b9193cd375011e2c1597af9a2c658adfc645084080828b1296d7c4c575ec6d7","references":"","settled_by":"Amplitude versus temperature and gap size in a tunable system (pressure-tuned $\\mathrm{YbB_{12}}$, gate-tuned $\\mathrm{WTe_2}$ or InAs/GaSb wells) where the candidate theories make distinct predictions.","status_note":"","title":"How can an insulator without a Fermi surface show quantum 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