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The detailed process by which particles drift out of the beam over hours is not predictable.","posed_since":"","precise":"Without radiation damping, hadron colliders are limited to total $\\xi \\sim 0.01\\ \\text{to}\\ 0.03$. Predict the beam lifetime and emittance growth over $10^{8}$ to $10^{9}$ turns from beam-beam nonlinearities combined with tune modulation, power-supply ripple and noise, and determine the scaling of the limit with these noise sources.","problem_ref":"8a171218ff7126e100cc487665d41b73346b09f9eb0e76b4f399ad3fcdb543a6","references":"","settled_by":"Long-term diffusion predictions matching measured emittance growth and losses in the LHC or RHIC under controlled noise injection.","status_note":"","title":"What sets the much lower beam-beam limit in hadron 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