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Carbon dioxide and water vapour alone do not seem able to warm it enough, so the question is what else did.","posed_since":"","precise":"For Noachian to early Hesperian Mars (about $3.8\\ \\text{to}\\ 3.5\\,\\mathrm{Gyr}$ ago, insolation $\\sim 0.32\\,S_0$ relative to modern Earth) determine whether surface runoff required sustained warm conditions (mean $T$ above $273\\,\\mathrm{K}$) or episodic warming, and identify the forcing: $\\mathrm{CO_2}$-$\\mathrm{H_2}$ or $\\mathrm{CO_2}$-$\\mathrm{CH_4}$ collision-induced absorption, cirrus clouds, impacts or volcanic outgassing. An answer specifies atmospheric composition, pressure and duration consistent with valley-network and lake-sediment volumes and with surviving carbonate inventories.","problem_ref":"de14d77737ffb9790d6480718cfa16c38986bff012cc7d39ca19faa6681cb10b","references":"","settled_by":"A climate scenario whose required $\\mathrm{H_2}$ or $\\mathrm{CH_4}$ sources, surface pressure and warm-period duration match sediment volumes and the measured carbonate and atmospheric-loss record.","status_note":"","title":"What kept early Mars warm enough for rivers and 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