{"schema":"pubphys.bundle/1","record":{"author":{"account_ref":null,"orcid":null},"builds_on":[],"content_schema":"pubphys.content.revision/1","content_sha256":"d9b1373f9390560c8556d10c5402ced17028da6b89e6bced6a446a2cddab0296","created":"2026-10-03T07:18:01Z","files":[],"origin":{"assisted_by":[],"kind":"seed"},"parents":["5475cf5dc5b1a72283d26dc95dc6e00d7ea4e00096a7c6492e409a1816eeb011"],"salt":"e6c5543f3bc73da7bf52c98d5ce673a924e0dabf31723e51edbb9d70a9c2380b","schema":"pubphys.record/2","site":"pubphys.com","target":null,"type":"revision"},"content":{"answer_type":"mechanism","assisted_by":[],"external_id":"cm.one-over-f-noise.ubiquity-mechanism","kind":"phenomenon","literature_status":"open","n":"1","parents":[],"plain":"Resistance fluctuations in metals and semiconductors follow a 1/f spectrum over many decades of frequency. A broad spread of slow defect relaxation times can produce this, but why that spread is so generic is open.","posed_since":"1925","precise":"The empirical Hooge relation $S_R(f)/R^2 = \\alpha_H/(N_c f)$, with $N_c$ the number of carriers, holds over many decades of $f$ in metals and semiconductors. The McWhorter and Dutta-Horn picture attributes the noise to thermally activated fluctuators with a broad distribution of activation energies. Determine whether this picture accounts for all classes of $1/f$ resistance noise (mobility versus number fluctuations, metals versus semiconductors), and if not, which classes need a different mechanism.","problem_ref":null,"references":"","settled_by":"Systematic tests of the Dutta-Horn relation and of $\\alpha_{H}$ against controlled defect density in several material classes, with the fluctuators identified microscopically.","status_note":"","title":"Why is 1/f resistance noise nearly universal in 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